Teenage Pregnancy Adverse Reproductive Outcomes Health And Social Care Essay

Teenage Pregnancy Adverse Reproductive Outcomes Health And favorable Care EssayTeenage pregnancy is a critical usual health issue in both the developing and developed world. It has been suasion to take on an intrinsic effect on the baby and maternal unwholesomeness and mortality statistics worldwide. In its publication, the State of the Worlds Children report, UNICEF stated that worldwide over 500,00 women of both age groups die yearly and 70000 females aged 15-19 years would die during squirt birth 1 . Currently, evidence of causal hypothesis is conflicting and inconclusive as to whether inauspicious bring outcomes are the result of immaturity of the fruitful system or attributable to other socio-demographic characteristics of adolescents .A memorise representd that majority of pregnant adolescents had no source of income and lacked health insurance 2 .Teenagers were also found to be more than likely to be single, less(prenominal) educated and receive or go out insuffi cient antenatal care when compared with older mothers 3-5 .Fraser et al conducted a full-grown population-based study which showed that pregnancy in adolescence was associated with an inherently increased risk for obstetric and neonatal outcomes 6 .However, some other studies demonstrated a lack of link attributing the outcome to social factors.This article aims to review, critically appraise, and synthesise evidence from true publications of empirical studies on the relationship between teenage pregnancy and unbecoming reproductive outcomes. It focuses mainly on prematurity, low birth weight and travel plan of lecture as there are a myriad of adverse birth outcomes-maternal preeclampsia, anaemia, premature rupture of membranes (PROM), perineal tears, instrumental delivery, caesarean delivery and infant-related complications prematurity, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, small for gestational age, perinatal morbidity- attributable to teenage pregnancy and th ere is strict limitation on the article word count.Methodology literature hunt and selection of studiesA literature search on teenage pregnancy and adverse reproductive outcomes of primary studies published in the last 10 years was carried out .Included studies were journal articles published in the English language-this limitation confers some spot of bias to the review. Epidemiological evidence for this review is defined as observational studies- cross-sectional surveys, case-control studies, retrospective age bracket studies and prospective cohort studies.Database searching of Medline (U.S. depicted object Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland) and Embase (Elsevier) was conducted using the next keyword phrases and related terms as search terms teenage pregnancy or pregnancies, adolescent pregnancy or pregnancies and pregnancy outcome, adverse reproductive outcomes and related terms(refer appendix 1).The Medline search yielded one hundred ten articles but reviewing the abstr acts showed only few of the studies met the inclusion criteria or were readily lendable online or in print. A similar search conducted on the Embase database yielded less promising results. Additional journal articles were located by reviewing cited references and citation tracking of some of the selected studies. The related article or similar article romp of some journals was used to identify similar studies and their abstracts were reviewed to check if they met the selection criteria. chemise studies, case reports, editorials, and reviews were excluded from the search.Selection criteriaTo be included in this review, the selected studies had to meet the followers criteria-teenage pregnancy is defined as pregnancy in young women chthonian 20 years-women above 35 years old were all excluded from or treated as an independent category in the study as they are known to have high obstetric risks-must demonstrate some statistical description and /or analysis of confounding variabl es in the association between teenage pregnancy and adverse reproductive outcomes-should have some comparative element in which teenagers are compared with a able reference category-outcome measures include at least two of the following prematurity preterm delivery, Caesarean section (CS), low birth weight (LBW), infant mortality, neonatal mortality, perinatal mortality, maternal mortality, severe anaemia, preeclampsia and eclampsia-a significance sound judgment can be made either by using p-values or confidence intervalsTable 1Characteristics of selected studiesAuthors Publication year(Study period) Setting Study soma Sample size Age of teenage subjects(years) Outcome measures of interest confuse variables considered Other study characteristics Ekwo and Moawad 3 2000(1989-1995) U.S.A Hospital based retrospective cohort 6,072 3 groups-=15,16-17,18-1920-24 as reference group Preterm birth, low birth weight motherly smoking, drug abuse, insurance office, adequacy of prenatal car e, median family income, marital status Primaparous black women , singleton pregnancies Bukulmez et al 7 2000(1990-1998) Turkey Hospital-based matched case-control study 4,470(1,490 cases,3980 controls) Cases15-19 controls20-34 stratified during analysis as =17,18-19,20-34 Low birth weight, preterm delivery, pregnancy induced hypertension(preeclampsia, eclampsia),LBW, Antenatal care, gravidity, parity, Singleton pregnancies, subjects matched on marital status, socioeconomic class and ethnicity-white married women of high social status festal et al 4 2000(1988-1997) United Kingdom Hospital based retrospective cohort 341,708