Advertisement Is the Legalised Form of Telling Lies Essay

100% yes. Most advertisements and advertisers make totally false claims which is far from reality. And they call it creativity. It is nothing but lying and society has grown to accept it.If the strict definition of â€Å"cheating† is taken, as is commonly defined in most countries across the world, then most advertisers and the companies would have to be put behindbars for the offence.A great many of the statements that advertisers make are not literally true. Our chocolate is out of this world, it is so delightful that you will forget all your problems and feel like you have gone to heaven. In most countries, actually lying in an advertisement is illegal. The art of the sale is not in lying, but in manipulating the truth to make it sound like you actually need a product you don’t. There is a law against false advertising but people are hardly ever prosecuted for it because it is so easy to get around it. we are constantly being bombarded with advertisements that fill o ur minds with falsities throughout every day of our lives. Advertising is all glitter and little truth.

Skywest Case Study

SkyWest, Inc. , and the Regional Airline Industry in 2009 Strategic Profile and Case Analysis Purpose: The US regional airline industry like any industry has experienced some major pitfalls that can be attributed to the current economic global downturn. As a result, major stakeholders in the industry are looking for better strategies to cope.Among the pressing challenges are; the increasing and fluctuating cost of fueling the jets, the prohibitive costs of acquiring funds to purchase new jets, the intense competition among the major players, the dwindling market of business and leisure travelers, regulations that have increased costs, and the effects of September 11, 2001 terror attacks which has brought enhanced security which for the airline industry means long checks and overall dissatisfaction in customer service.Although it looks like the sky is falling for the airline industry, the gleam of hope that regionals like SkyWest are bringing to the complex airline business is showing a slow but hopeful recovery for the airline industry. This case analysis will first detail the internal workings of the regional airline industry and will specifically address SkyWest, Inc. , with regards to its strategies including the challenges it faces and the core competencies it has in its operations. This analysis will also focus on the product SkyWest, Inc. ells and the challenges, strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats (including financial) it faces in the regional airline industry and will recommend strategies that will strengthen the brand of the company. Industry analysis: Regional carriers like SkyWest airlines provide transportation to and from small communities through large airports where the major airlines operate, which in the industry lingo is called a regional feed. They also help to increase frequency of service in mainline markets during times of day of the week when demand does not call for use of large aircraft.The service that regionals provide is a s a result of partnerships with the major airlines that are usually contractual. This partnership is a symbiotic relationship that caters to the needs of both segments. Aircraft used by regionals include turboprops and jets that are usually owned by the regionals but carry the major airline’s flag. Regionals also own and operate their own brands that mostly cater to small communities; the term commuter airline is usually used when they perform this role.In the past decade, US Regional airlines enjoyed robust growth and financial returns over the past several years when major’s or network partners reduced capacity and outsourced flying due to financial trouble. SkyWest, Inc. , is a leader in the regional arena and this case will be based on that premise. SkyWest Strategy: Strategy according to the textbook is â€Å"doing what competitors don’t do or, even better, doing what they can’t do†. (Page 9). SkyWest is focusing on a low-cost provider strateg y in the regional airline industry.By focusing on a narrow market niche, SkyWest is building a competitive edge by doing a better job than its rivals. Another strategy it employs is growth; the company has realized an internal growth through the expansion of its partnerships, geographic growth and the pursuit of new partnerships. But most importantly the reasons why SkyWest is successful is the efficiency it employs by the way: †¢It manages its fleet, thus less accidents and downtimes. †¢It empowers its employees better than other regionals; benefits, pay, continuous education. †¢On time performance- by consistently being the best in on time arrivals. Most importantly is how it manages its finances. Cost control is a major company undertaking and the ability to anticipate and cut costs has made the company competitive. The company has fine-tuned its core competencies through partnerships with Delta Connection and United Express which has created growth opportunities t hrough the volume of business these two airlines brought. By having a strong, focused and forward strategy, SkyWest benefited when these two major airlines were in bankruptcy. SWOT ANALYSIS: (Strength). †¢Safety – exceeds conventional safety standards. †¢Low-cost provider Cost efficient – the company has ordered jets that will be cost efficient/fuel. †¢Market reputation – on-time arrivals and cancellations- this attribute makes it attractive for other major airlines who can benefit using SkyWest as their regional servicer. †¢Financial stability – consistent growth in operating revenues/income. †¢Implementation of Stetson Quality Suite. Weakness – First, ASA (Atlantic Southeast Airline) – the acquisition of ASA from Delta in 2005 expanded the company business, however the labor unions that represent ASA employees is a weakness that can ground the company in case of a strike.Secondly, SkyWest was ranked low on customer service; this in the airline industry is a major requirement for competition since the product is universally the same when viewed by the customer. Developing and maintaining a high level of customer service is crucial. Third, the partnerships with Delta and United are also a weakness since the two major have similar business models. The majority of the company business comes from these two and the fact that both companies had undergone bankruptcy signals SkyWest to diversify its operation.The reliance on only these two is a major weakness that has to be addressed. Delta’s decision for not paying the $25 million it owed SkyWest is a . To add on this, issues like lost baggage accounted for a terrible rating of 9. 53 reports per 1000, which was double the industry average. Also a high number of customer complaints Airline quality rating study found SkyWest near the bottom of 16 airlines for customer service. Passengers also see the small planes as less safe than the bigger and more spacious airplanes that the majors operate.The company is bounded by the â€Å"scope clause† after the ASA acquisition. OPPORTUNITIES: †¢Low cost partnerships – SkyWest currently has no partnerships with this segment of the business. Creating partnerships with low cost providers is a future opportunity that can increase revenue. †¢Increase in business travelers- in the past the majors had the bulk of these niche, however regionals can get into this market because business travelers are becoming cost conscious and are frequent users thus untapped revenues can be realized. Changing industry – the major airlines are going through tough financial times thus there is more business to be realized from their outsourcing to regionals like SkyWest. †¢Global market – the company currently has operations in Europe, Latin America and China. Other avenues in the expanding global market can be explored. THREATS: †¢Labor unions – threat from acquisitions like ASA, which is union oriented. †¢Cost of fuel – the unpredictability of the energy industry is always causing uncertainty in the airline industry. Any increase in demand (from ASIA-especially China) can cause the cost of fuel to increase. Majors’ airlines may start their own low cost providers, competition is getting stiffer. †¢Government regulations- for instance the current restrictions placed on entrants to some markets and the $262 to $577 cost of regulation to the industry. †¢The economy – if it follows the current trajectory, competition for scarce revenues will continue. †¢Shutdown of major airline hubs †¢Competitors – Republic Airways Holdings acquired Midwest and Frontier †¢Scope Clause- it would limit the size of aircraft the company operates Financial Analysis:Looking at the company finances, the outlooks looks gloom. However, the nature of the current economy has contributed largely to SkyWes t, Inc. , reduction in revenue. Lost in the numbers are factors that were beyond the company’s control including costs like acquiring ASA, and figures like the $5. 2 million lost because of the Denver International Airport closure in December 2006.. Consequently, because SkyWest depends on revenues from its major partners, the cost of fuel that the partners reported in 2009 were reported as revenue, which means the numbers were not accurate.In addition, even with the growth in revenue in 2008, a decline in reported income of $111. 4 million was reported from the previous year (2007) and a decline of $29. 8 million for the quarter ending in December 31, 2008. Of particular importance is the $18. 3 million decline that was due to â€Å"reductions in flight schedules made by the company major partners†. (page c-208). ASA (which serves the southeast region) experienced cancellations and delays due to weather and grounding of 60 aircrafts due to safety issues which further reduced revenues by $7. 6 million.A further $5 was lost due to negotiations with Delta Airlines in regard to expenses. A more revealing picture is when the operating profit margin (left over revenue after paying variable cost) is calculated. SkyWest declined from 12. 5% in 2004 to 7. 30% in 2008. In contrast, the news is not all that bad. SkyWest management predicts a promising future. The combined revenue passenger miles increased by 4. 9% in June 2009 and its overall load factor were up by 2. 3%. Recommendations: SkyWest, Inc. , has all the necessary ingredients to sustain its leadership in the regional airline business.Case and point was when its consolidated revenues were $3,114 million at the end of the year 2006, up from $1,964 million the year before. However, the strategy of growth that the company is currently on signals pitfalls that are in its future. For instance, the partnership dependence that it places on the major airlines like Delta and United makes it vulnerable. B oth majors underwent bankruptcy and relying on them for revenues is risky for the company. Delta refused to pay the $25 million owed because it knew that SkyWest would not sue them because of their business.SkyWest should acquire low cost providers or even acquire other regionals to decrease adventures like ASA (unionized, poor performance culture). In addition, it should look into code sharing ventures that are less risky because the growth pattern it is capable of pursuing will yield more revenues. Of particular importance are the rival regionals like Frontier (owned by Republic), Southwest and the Mesa Air Group. In order to be competitive, SkyWest should look for ways that the company can acquire rivals. The move to pre-empt rivals will extend the reach of the company geographically and it would discourage new entrants.In addition, the company has to improve its customer service (training frontline employees) because the cost of losing customers translates directly into lost rev enues. ASA in particular came with a terrible image and the transfer of core competencies/culture from the parent company will improve the overall outlook and brand of the company. Moreover, after the ASA acquisition, the issue of unionized employees who joined the company has to be addressed. If the option of negotiation between the company and the union ever fails, major problems can be experienced.SkyWest, Inc. should keep ASA separate because in the event of a strike, business will be affected. Finally, the issue of going global in the regional airline industry is important. SkyWest operates in Europe, China and Latin America. The opportunities in China, Mexico and Latin America are possibilities that the company should explore. However, the decision to expand can make SkyWest, Inc. , vulnerable at the home market; thus a careful well researched and strategic plan should be implemented before embarking on a global arena. by capitalizing on external opportunities and fortifying t heir internal strengths, SkyWest, Inc. , can achieve better shareholder returns and remain the leader in the regional airline industry†. (USATODAY). Works Cited Thompson, A. A. , Strickland. A. J. and Gamble, J. (2005) Crafting and Executing Strategy (18th edition), McGraw-Hill, New York, pages C-206– C-226). USA TODAY (2009). Regional airline thrive while the big boys cut back. Retrieved from http://www. usatoday. com/travel/column/grossman/2013-21-3regional-airlines_N. htm

Financial Outcomes Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Outcomes Paper - Essay Example (The home depot, n.d.). The main cause for reduction in sales could be deduced as arising out of a general fall in demand for products of construction industry, due to unemployment and tight money market conditions which offered lowered scope for loans to meet housing repairs, etc. It could also be seen in terms of the fact that, in the US, the fragmented construction industry is not very concentrated, and is broken down to a large number of SME’s, who indulge in construction activities, making it very competitive and price sensitive. Thus, it has become necessary for Home Depot to cut down jobs. In the process they are forced to do away with sinecure positions and concentrate on the core business of generating revenues and business profits. Thus, the company has restructured its HRD, to begin with, in order to slash operating costs. Accordingly they have dispensed with both the Human Resource Managers and supervisors in all its stores. The company has announced that around 2200 employees would be affected by this change and there would be around 1000 job losses. (Can you improve service by firing HR people?, 2008). This has become necessary since profits of the company have slumped in recent years. The Gross Profit has come down from $25,997 M in 2007 to $ 23,990 during 2008, a fall of 7.72% when compared to the previous year. (Appendix 1) It is further seen net profits declined from $4395M during 2007 to $2260M in 2008, a dramatic and significant reduction of nearly 50%, or almost halved the profits during the year 2008 under review. (Appendix 1) Coming to the HR aspects, it could be seen that the main impacts or implications of job cuts or reallocation of the workforce into the core areas of business, the check outs and stores would be as follows: 1. The main functions of HR are in terms of addressing labor related issues, interalia, discrimination,

Why is discretion important in the criminal process Essay

Why is discretion important in the criminal process - Essay Example This paper will discuss the importance of discretion in the criminal process. Discretion plays a key role in the criminal process starting from the reporting of crime. The public must take initiative to report criminal activities to the relevant authorities. Studies have shown that there is a discrepancy between committed crimes and reported crimes (Snyder, 1990). This has led to questionable figures released by the official statistics of crime. It is, therefore, of a noble cause that citizens report all witnessed crimes for the authorities to be able to publish reliable information and statistics. Citizens should exercise discretion and realize that no crime is too trivial to be reported or feel embarrassed about. Lack of discretion leads to fear of victimization or reprisal. A significant result of correct statistics is the ability to properly plan strategies to curb crimes and improve the security system (Marc, 1992). Decisions by the police not to bring into play the criminal process establish the limits of law enforcement (Snyder, 1990). They must use discretion to make choices founded on numerous possibilities of courses of action. The law does not cover every possible crime that may be committed to the required details. Likewise, the training police officers receive cannot entail all the situations they will encounter in the line of duty (Marc, 1992). This is where discretion comes into play in law enforcement. It will help the law enforcers to shun special interests from corrupt individuals such as politicians and perpetrators of domestic violence who walk free after offering bribes. When the police identify a suspect, they must use discretion on deciding how to approach them (Snyder, 1990). A consideration is taken as to whether to arrest or employ alternative procedures like issuing a notice to attend court. Judges and magistrates need to exercise utmost discretion when hearing a matter placed before them in all stages of

Apartheid System and its impact on Education in South Africa Essay

Apartheid System and its impact on Education in South Africa - Essay Example The population of the country is talented and hard working. In spite of these factors, the country faces hard core racism. The oppression of the white population over the blacks resulted in forced slavery and exploitation of land and human beings (Abdi, 2002, p. vii). The apartheid period continued for over four decades in South Africa and in that period race discrimination was ruthlessly implemented in schools and they were highly effective. It is a monumental task for the government to undo the effects of apartheid from the education system (Fiske and Ladd, 2005, p.14). This paper focuses on the apartheid system in South Africa and its impact on the education policies. Background History of Apartheid in South Africa In the seventeenth century the Dutch descendants who were knows as Boers or Afrikaners were dominated by the English. This was followed by establishment by the Dutch of new colonies like Orange Free State and Transvaal. In the year1900, diamonds were excavated in these regions. This led to the Boer war when the English invaded these lands. The conflict centering on power sharing between the English and the Boers remained till the 1940s when the Afrikaners National Party became stronger. To control the economic and social system, the National party invented the apartheid system. Initially the goal of apartheid was to maintain the minority rule of the white and curtailing the rights of the black population. Racial discrimination was given a formal shape when the apartheid laws were enacted in 1948. In 1950, the South African people were classified into three racial groups which were white, black (African) or colored (mixed decent). The colored group mainly contained the Indians and the Asians. Apartheid laws led to segregation of every aspect of social life which included education and medical care. Public services provided to the black people were inferior to those provided to the white people. Marriage was prohibited between the whites and the non -white groups. Residential areas were segregated by forceful removal of the black population. These laws were strongly implemented and anyone who did not abide by the laws was given harsh punishments. The Blacks were required to carry identity proof to enter into the non-black areas (The History of Apartheid in South Africa, n.d.). In 1953, Bantu Education Act was passed to segregate the education system of South Africa by which the Blacks were denied education leading to certain positions in the society. The Blacks were prepared to lead the lives of labour class (O’Malley, n.d.). Analysis Impact of Apartheid system on Education One of the most oppressive laws of apartheid was the Bantu Education Act of 1953. Before the Act was implemented most schools in Africa were missionary schools and were partly funded by the State. Under this Act education system was segregated and most schools began to be controlled by the government. Governments began to put forward conditions to sch ools to start racially discriminatory curriculum before agreeing to provide financial aid. As protest many missionary schools did not allow extension of apartheid system in their education system and chose to close down. This system of bringing all schools under the control of the new government was faced opposition from school organisers, parents and students. The major subject of the protests was to ban the separate education system for the Black and promote a common education system for the entire population of South Africa. The government which was controlled by the whites declared that the structure of Bantu education was such that the blacks will be trained to become labours ignoring what other abilities

How media artefacts affect our conception of reality Essay

How media artefacts affect our conception of reality - Essay Example We are placed in a consumer society and media, which brings in the importance of learning how to interpret, understand, and criticizing its messages and meanings. They participate in contributing to educate us on what we feel, fear, think, desire, and how to behave. They also show us how to consume, look, dress, avoid failure, and be successful/ popular (Verbeek & Slob, 2006). Cultural is one on itself that is focusing on the mass and media marketing. Due to extensive advertising and publicity, all the cultural products, which include human beings, are treated as commodities who share little to no meaning. This industry provides a reason to believe individual is an illusion manipulated by the authority of those in dominant class. Horkheimer and Adorno define cultural industry through its focus on the mass and media marketing. Technology, Monopoly, and Mass Production are three specific ideas of characterising cultural media. Horkheimer and Adorno addressed how big corporations contro l culture industry due to their large vertical and horizontal integration. Our society is representing a society which is heavily induced by cultural media and mass marketing. Cultural industry theory explains the concept of consumers selling out to the dominant cultures. In some aspects this is true but Adorno and Horkheimer gave much power to the class ruling and their abilities of producing ideal consumers. Media give us directions on ways to avoid failure, and conforming to various dominant systems of values, institutions, norms, and practices (Bishop, 2005). It is important to gain critical media literacy as a resource for citizens and individuals when learning to cope up with cultural environment. It is important to learn how to criticize, and read, socio-cultural manipulation to help in empowering in relation to the dominant culture and forms of media. It enhances sovereignty of individual as well as media culture by giving people power in cultural environment. The essay will feature most on contributions of cultural perspective to media literacy and critique. Recently, cultural studies have emerged as the best approach to study of society and culture. A project study was conducted in the University of Birmingham, which is the centre for cultural studies. This led to the development of various critical methods for the interpretation, criticism, and analysis of cultural methods. In 1960s and 1970s, there were internal debates and respondents to social movements and struggles. The group focused on interplay of ideologies and representations of gender, ethnicity, class, nationality, and race in cultural texts, which include media culture (Hillis, 1999). This group was among those who studied the effects of television, radio, film, newspaper and other cultural forms on audiences. The group also focused on the use of media culture and interpretation differently by various audiences. They analyzed on the factors, which made audiences respond to various media texts in contrasting ways. It is demonstrated by British cultural studies on how culture constituted distinct forms of the group and identity membership through the study of youth subcultures. Materials, which are used to construct views of identities, world, and behaviour, are provided by media culture for cultural studies. Those who follow the dictates of cultural media uncritically will mainstream themselves and thereby conforming to the dominant behaviour,

Case Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Case Analysis - Coursework Example A company with the biggest presence in the cosmetics industry is Estee Lauder. Its products are unique. The qualities of the manufacturing capabilities of this company spark interest of any retailer Kohl’s. Kohl sales lately have been depleting, thus the company need a boost. The executives identified the cosmetics department as its biggest weakness since in comparison with the industry sales generated by the cosmetics departments of other retailer their fell 93% short in overall sales in comparison with the industry standard. In order to make the cosmetics initiative work this company utilized an innovative marketing strategy to get the ball rolling. This report analyzes the alliance formed by Estee Lauder and Kohl to bring cosmetics products to Kohl’s stores. The rare agreement Estee Lauder and Kohn entered was a marketing alliance based on Estee Lauder producing a new exclusive cosmetics brand for Kohl’s of top quality cosmetics which would not be associated in any way with the typical Estee Lauder products eventhough they would be suppliers. Branding is a marketing strategy that can pay off great dividends. Branding is strategy that creates value for a firm by investing the image of a brand through advertising and other marketing tactics in order to create customer loyalty which brings recurrent sales (Kotler). The branding strategy is also very attractive for a company since it creates a goodwill for the company due to the fact customer pay premium price for branded products. The benefits associated with offering an Estee Lauder based product line for Kohl include turning cosmetics business from a losing operation to a income generating department that could easily account for 1/7th in the total sale of the stores instead of th e current 1%. The profit margin of the company will rise and the customer traffic associated with cosmetics sales will indirectly boost overall sales since the

Analysis on Team Dynamics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis on Team Dynamics - Essay Example Self managed teams are known to operate in a much effective and efficient manner and their productivity levels are even quite high. This is because when trust is bestowed upon employees, they end up learning at a higher rate and they tend to correct their mistakes and face issues on their own instead of depending on a manager to correct them in their operations. One of the major benefits that self managed team is that such teams are able to identify new ways of performing or attaining targets. Since, these teams are not being lead or are not being provided with the objective of attaining targets, members of these teams tend to come up with their own ideas of performing a particular job which can result in methods that are much effective as well as efficient. A major issue with these teams is that they may end up applying methods to work that may result in heavy losses since they implement trial and error method to figure out new ways to perform tasks. A major disadvantage of a manager controlled team is that in such teams decisions are mostly made by the managers and a manager who is directing such teams may not get the time to work on other important tasks. Mistakes and costs in manager lead teams are quite infrequent as they tend to use methods of operations that have already been tries and tested. Different members in a team are awarded with different roles and these roles contribute to the successful operations of a team. According to Belbin’s Team Role Theory, a team requires a Monitor Evaluator in order make contributions that are unbiased in nature and to analyze different solutions available to a team with a neutral mindset (Utley 284). Another role identified is that of an implementer, an implementer is necessary in a self directed team in order to identify a way to implement the strategy that was created by the team. The role of a shaper is even quite necessary in a particular team to ensure that all team members are focused on the target at hand

Finance Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Finance - Term Paper Example This would be addressed as workers retire and personal investment accounts replace Social Security. The best solution to this is a substantial personal account option and not only Social Security. 2. Formulate a risk management proposal for a fictitious potential client. Using that same proposal, augment your offering to this client. Elaborate about a proposed health insurance plan, pension plan alternatives etc. If appropriate for your fictitious client, include a section regarding alternative risk transfer techniques and bond offerings. An important trend in recent years has been the increased used of derivatives. A derivative is any of your financial assets whose value is derived from the value of some other â€Å"underlying† asset. These derivatives can be used either to reduce risks or as a speculative investment also. In theory, the use of these derivatives should allow one to manage risk better. There are also premiums that can be added to lessen one’s burden of risks. This includes the inflation premium to compensate for the expected loss of purchasing power, the default risk premium just in case there will be default in the borrower and the maturity risk premium compensate for the interest rate risk. Judgment Rating is used when potential losses are difficult to quantify. In this case, statistics is not a reliable source to determine possible losses. In judgment rating, the underwriter must use his experience and intuition to individually evaluate each potential client. A good example of this includes ocean marine insurance. Class Rating is used when losses are quantifiable or statistics are reliable. Here, there is a manual rating where it is classified into brackets which makes it easy to determine pricing in insurance proposals that are offered to customers. It is the established people of parallel situations and the great number of available statistics which permits for the

Movie comment Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Comment - Movie Review Example Ethan is older, more aggressive, and ready to fix every problem by shooting everybody involved, including the poor victims who have been captured. Ethan is much younger, and while he is prepared to go looking for the native people involved in the raids, and use force against them if necessary, his main objective is to save the captives and restore them to their families. This difference is shown very clearly in the scene where Ethan finds Debbie, kills the man who captured her, and then aims his gun at her as well. Martin chases after Ethan, and it is clear that the struggle between the two men is unequal. Ethan is in a stronger position because he is on a horse, while Martin is on foot, like Debbie. When Martin places himself directly in front of the woman, protecting her from Ethan’s gun, even at the risk of his own life, he saves her. This heroic action highlights the extremism of Ethan’s position and makes the audience think about the cycle of violence that results when people are obsessed with the need for revenge. Martin’s concern for Debbie acts as a bridge between Ethan and Debbie, because Ethan recognises his own shameful attitudes and changes his position so that he eventually carries Debbie back to her family. Question 2: To a viewer seeing this film in 2011 The Searchers might come across under analysis as a contradiction.   It is a beautiful work of art, but reflects extreme racism towards Native peoples. Offer a critique expressing how these two elements were blended so that someone watching the film for the first time might understand and recognize the racism, fear of miscegenation, and justification for genocide without hating the film. It is very hard not to like The Searchers. One reason is the overwhelming talent of a mature John Wayne, playing his usual type of cranky hero. Another reason is the stunning cinematography of John Ford who recreates the white settlers’ folksy interiors against a stunning

Frankenstein and Prometheus Essay Example for Free

Frankenstein and Prometheus Essay Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein can be compared to the myth Prometheus by J.M Hunt in several ways. Frankenstein and Prometheus both created life in their own way and faced consequences that they had not expected to encounter although they differed in that Frankenstein abandoned his creation and abhorred him whereas Prometheus wanted to help and care for his creation. Both Frankenstein and Prometheus developed creations easily but did not realize the consequences behind it. In the novel Frankenstein Victor always wanted to understand the cause of life and death and he set his mind into finding the answer. â€Å"I collected the instruments of life around me, that I might infuse a spark of being into the lifeless thing that lay at my feet (Shelley 58). Victor was excited to understand that what he has created was the answer to his problems. Prometheus also felt the same way when he was creating his creation. Prometheus had the task to create man. â€Å"Prometheus had the task to create man. â€Å"Prometheus shaped man out of mud, and Athena breathed life into his clay figure (Legend of Prometheus). Prometheus’ task in creating life was easy, as for Frankenstein it was much harder as he spent months creating it. With the goal of creating life they both faced consequences because of their actions. Frankenstein and Prometheus ended up with severe consequences when they had created life. When Victor left Geneva for Ingolstadt an incident had occurred. Once day he received a letter from his father. â€Å"William is dead! That sweet child, whose smiled delighted and warmed my heart, who was so gentle, yet so gay! Victor, he is murdered! (Shelley 73). When Victor had read the letter he was shocked. Upon returning to Geneva he realized the monster had murdered his brother. Prometheus also faced consequences when he created man. When Zeus discovered that Prometheus lied to him he took fire away from man. Prometheus then lit a torch from the su and brought ti back again to man. Zeus was enraged and punished Prometheus. â€Å"Take [Prometheus] to the Caucasus Mountains and chain him to a rock with unbreakable adamant chains. Here he was tormented day and night by a giant eagle learing at his liver (Legend of Prometheus). The pain wouldn’t end for Prometheus because his liver would grow back again. Frankenstein and Prometheus faced consequences that ended in Frankenstein losing his loved one Prometheus being physically tortured day and night. Despite their punishment, Frankenstein exhibited actions that led him to become a bad creator, and Prometheus showing qualities of being a good creator. Frankenstein fathered his monster with his own hands. He labored for years in order to successfully breathe life into his creature. Then later once it was alive he abhorred him. When the monster was alive Frankenstein said â€Å"Oh! no mortal could support the horror of that countenance†¦ [Frankenstein] passed the night wretchedly†¦ Mingled with this horror [Frankenstein] felt the bitterness o f disappointment† (Shelley 59). This shows that all he wants to do with he creation is run away from it and to never see it again. Although Prometheus showed different qualities towards his monster. Prometheus fought to protect the human being he had given life to. â€Å"Prometheus lit a torch from the sun and brought I back again to man† (Legend of Prometheus). All he had tried to do was help his creation. Frankenstein and Prometheus differed because Frankenstein tried to hurt and abandon his creation but Prometheus did the opposite to his creation. Frankensten can be compared to the myth of Promethheus in many ways. When both are read the reader can infer many clear similarities between the two. Both Prometheus and Frankenstein faced consequences but treated their creations in different ways.

Use of Lidocaine and Sodium Thiopental for Pain Management

Use of Lidocaine and Sodium Thiopental for Pain Management Different premedication admixture with propofol to attenuate pain severityinduced by propofol injection: a double blind randomized controlled clinical trial Abstract Background and Objective Propofol has widely used due to providing pleasant anesthesia and rapid recovery. However; injection pain is one of the main side effects of a propofol that has remained as an undesirable problem. This study compares the effect of thiopental, lidocaine, fentanyl , normal saline admixture with propofol compared with only propofol on injection pain induced by propofol Materials and methods A double blind randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 257 patients that were randomly allocated to one of five groups to receive only 2mg/kg of Propofol type Fresenius One percent in group I, 2 cc of Lidocaine 1% in group II, 2 ml of Normal Saline 0.09% in group III, 50 mg Sodium Thiopental in Group IV and Group V were injected 100Â µg Fentanyl before injection of Propofol. Verbal Rating Scale was used for assessing pain. Results A significant decrease in pain severity during injection was achieved in group II (lidocaine ) and IV (Thiopental) compared to other groups. Fentanyl was also effective in reducing moderate pain. Conclusion: We found that Thiopental and lidocaine reduce more effectively incidence and pain severity than other groups. It seems that aforementioned drugs bee more appropriate as an alternative method to diminish propofol injection pain than others treatment in this study. Key Word: propofol, injection pain, premedication Introduction Preoperative care cause satisfaction for patient in recent years(1)Propofol is the drug that has attained popularity which has widely used owing to its fast onset time ,short-acting duration , and trivial adverse effects (2) despite these favorable attributes, the prevalence of injection pain has been reported 68-90% and has been ranked seventh among the 33 undesirable clinical problem in anesthesia(3-6). Injection pain severity was reported 5.6 Â ± 2.3 by measuring system of Visual Analog Scale , which represents unfavorable pain (7). Up to now, different ways have been studied and recommended to reduce the incidence and pain severity of Propofol injection. Among various methods, emollient of Propofol (8, 9) and using numerous drugs including Lidocaine (10), Thiopental(11) ,Alfentanil (12) and Gransytron or Ondansetron(13)can be noted. There are different emollients of Propofol in Iran such as Fresenius Propofol 1% which has a side branch of a long triglyceride (LCT) and Lipuro Pro pofol 1% which has side branches of medium and long triglyceride (MCT/LCT) ,that is assuming that later one is more effective in reducing injection pain(14). Lidocaine as a local anesthetic inhibits the beginning and conduction of nervous impulses by decreasing the penetration of nerve membrane to Na+. It prevents the membrane depolarization, effluence and conduction of potential . It’s systemic absorption is rapid via skin and phlegm (throat, respiratory system) (15).Fentanyl is a drug which usually used as a premedication, because of the rapid and short onset, intense analgesia, Stable cardiovascular hemodynamic as well as less histamine release (16). Thiopental from barbiturate family causes hypotension but has a high ability to protect nerves and control ICP (17). Ondansetron is a modern antiemetic drug which is chosen as the antagonist of Hydroxyl Triptamin type 3. This drug reduces nausea and vomiting and its complications are also very low(18). Different advantages of aforementioned drugs for pain persuaded us to use them to understand that how much they can reduce propofol injection pain and which one is more effective. Methods: A double blind randomized controlled clinical trial was performed on 257 patients, after obtaining confirmation from both Golestan University of medical science and 5th Azar hospital ethical committee approval. Signed written consent was taken from all subjects before surgery. Including criteria were patient aged between 15 to 55 years old with ASA ÃŽâ„¢, ΙΙ (American Society Anesthesiologist) that candidated for elective surgery, such as bowel obstruction, hernia, laparatomy , during 1390 to 5th Azar educational hospital in Gorgan, northeast of Iran. Alcohol consumption or taking any pain medication during 24 hours before surgery, a history of neurological disease, chronic pain syndrome, thrombofelebit, advanced systemic disease (such as advanced diabetes), and any contraindication based on injection of Propofol led to patient withdrawal from the study. Measuring patients pain using VRS (Verbal Rating Scale) from zero to three which has been developed by MC Hunter and Crirrick. Detail shown in (table 1). After patient’s entering into the operation room ,a No. 20 cannula were inserted in the biggest vein in no dominate hand. (without injection of a local anesthetic) and was connected to normal saline solution (without start of infusion). Difference between the two independent proportion formula calculated 24 samples for each group, however, considering five groups in our study, adjusted for sampling (19) was calculated, (= = 2*24 = 48 48*5= 245 ) g assume as the number of groups that 245 samples calculated. To achieve as s ame power as parametric tests we also used the efficiency power of nonparametric test, so that the sample size was multiplied by inverse 95 percent (20)which finally 260 samples was considered. Simple randomization allocation method was used to assign patients into five groups, so that five envelopes which containing the name of drugs was prepared and one out of five randomly selected for a patient and this approach repeated for all patients. In the first group (53 patients) 2mg/kg of Propofol type Fresenius One percent (MCT/LCT) was injected. In the second group (50 patients), 2 cc of Lidocaine 1% before use of Propofol was injected . The third group (48 patients), received 2 ml of normal saline 0.09% before the injection of Propofol .Group IV (54 patients) 50 mg Sodium Thiopental before injection of Propofol type Fresenius was injected. Group V (55 patients) also received 100Â µg Fentanyl before injection of Propofol. The place of injection is the dorsal vein of the hand. None of the patients received premedication and they were asked about the pain in injection place, 5-10 seconds after injection of 25% of anesthetic induction dose. And it was inscribed in questionnaire and after lessening the level of patients’ consciousness the rest of the anesthetics were injected. Anesthesia method were be same in all patients. The Propofol we wanted to use kept at room temperature (21 centigrade). Patients and the anesthesia nurse who filled out the questionnaires won’t know about the injected solution. And there is no chance to distinguish the solutions because they had the same color, volume and also the same shape. The first anesthesia nurse prepared the medication and injected by the second anesthesia nurse, the measure of pain and discomfort in hand examined by third anesthesia nurses and the questionnaire filled out by the fourth anesthesia nurse .To determine the relationship between premeditation and a measure of the pain Mann-Whitney and Kruskal- Walis test was used and demographic feature was also compared using ANOVA and Chi Square test with Spss 11.5. Results 257 out of a total 260 participated patients were analyzed in our study and 3 cases due to lack of condition were exclude. Characteristic of study subject including age, gender, weight and ASA physical status were presented in table2. No statistically significant difference saw in demographic characteristics of all groups and were comparable. (Table 2)(p>0.05)The overall and detailed of pain incidence shown for all groups in (table 3).Pain intensity at propofol injection in lidocaine and thiopental groups was much lower than three other groups especially in severe pain however fentanyl were also better than normal saline combined with propofol and using propofol only. No patient experienced spo2 less than 95% and heart rate lower than 50/min. No complication and adverse effect (eg, pain, allergic reaction, inflammation, edema, wheal ) were observed at the injection location 24 h after surgery. There was no conflict of interest . Discussion Pain during propofol injection causes anxiety and can interfere an appropriate anesthesia. Pain during Propofol injection mechanism is not well known yet, But it is suggested that perhaps a direct stimulating effect causes the immediate feeling of pain, or an indirect effect dependent on mediators release lead to begin pain.(15) dilatory pain (after 10 to 20 seconds) results from an indirect effect on the endothelium owing to the release of Cyanogens(21). Fat-soluble causes the increased activity of plasma’s kallikrein-kini system that leads to production of bradykinin. These interactions cause dilation and increased permeability in the peripheral veins, lead to an increase in Aqueous phase of Propofol with the endothelium and free efferent nerve endings between the media and intima of vessel wall and eventually cause pain (22). Finally we can say Propofol is a kind of drugs which stimulate skin, phlegm and inner vein wall(23). Gozal and Freeman (24-26) have debated, confined area size between the endothelium and drug is more influential than absolute drug concentration. A various method such as temperature(27) dilution(28) concurrent use of drugs(29-31) , give a variety to speed injection(32) has been used to attenuate propofol injection pain but different lidokaine dose and technique mostly use to attenuate for such pain (33)Analgesia results of Lidocaine in pain reduction following Propofol injection is not only because of it’s local analgesia but also it causes the decrease in Propofol Ph, and according to a hypothesis, Ph decrease causes Propofol moving into lipid phase and decrease Propofol in Aqueous phase and therefore lead to decreasing pain.(34, 35). In the present study, injection of Lidocaine before Propofol injection leading reduction in pain that the findings are compatible with other studies (23, 26, 36) but with the exception that their doses which were more than ours. Nevertheless controversy still exists (37) maybe for using higher dose in our study . The effect of Sodium Thiopental in pain reduction was accorded with other s tudies (8, 35, 38, 39). Fentanyl is also diminishes such pain but not as much as lidocaine and thiopental that is consistent in diminishing pain with others investigations (40-42) Conclusion This study finding shows that use of Lidocaine and Sodium Thiopental in comparison with other medications cause more reduction in pain especially in severe pains but lidocaine is more available cheaper than thiopental . Although no significant observed between some groups in pain reduction but pay attention to our founding in frequency of pain suggest using propofol with any premedication even normal saline better than injected propofol alone.

Impact of Gender Discrimination on Employee Performance

Impact of Gender Discrimination on Employee Performance Since the independence Pakistan has seen the formation of its banking system with the birth of State Bank of Pakistan in 1948, till 70s the banks were state owned and it was in 70s when they started to get privatized, till the 80s the banks saw the ups and downs but it was in the 90s when banking sector witnessed change. In the 90s the state-owned banks got privatized, first banks to undergo the privatization were Muslim Commercial Bank and Allied Bank, privatized between 1991 and 1993. In 2002 the third largest bank called United Bank got privatized and Habib Bank got privatized in 2004. Currently there are 54 banks operating in Pakistan which include 4 public sector banks, 5 Islamic banks, 20 private banks, 7 foreign banks, 8 DFIs, 4 special banks like IDBP, PPCB, ZTBL and 6 micro finance banks/institution (Banks in Pakistan, 2008). Currently banking sector is the soundest working sector of the country and even when in 2008 world witnessed global crunch the banking sector of Pakist an exhibited sound position due to its policies. The reason for choosing the banking sector as a study field is that it is the most developed institution of Pakistan it is has most developed and most operationalized Human resources system and thousands of people are employed by the banks. Oxford dictionary defines Discrimination as a distinction (made with the mind, or in action), discrimination is a phenomenon that is present in any and almost every organization, discrimination simply defined is a biased treatment of a person based on his/her affiliation with a certain group, it is a behavior exhibited to other people. In workplace discrimination the employee or group of employees are made target of prejudice (Major, Quinton, Schmader, 2003) and the person that is being discriminated is not given the opportunities that others are availing or are available to others and furthermore it point to the tools for demonstrating and establishing the social relation of dominance and oppression (Kreiger, 1999) . According to United Nations Discriminatory behaviors take many forms, but they all involve some form of exclusion or rejection, so the discriminations eventually affect an individual or group by excluding him/them from privileges that others are enjoying. There are dif ferent kinds of discriminations like racial/ethnic, age, gender, identity, cast, employment, disability, reverse, religious discriminations to name a few. Discrimination at a workplace means that the employee or group of employees are not treated fairly as compared to others and the reason for this treatment is not related with the ability of employees or group of employees to perform their specific job assigned by the organization. For this study direct discrimination is of more interest, direct discrimination is the type in which an employee or group of employees are affected by the decision which is based on an assumption stemming from employee or group of employees belonging to a certain status. In this study the focus would be on form of discrimination that is without legal basis but allowed as a norm and not the other kind which is prohibited by law. The topic aims at studying the effects of discrimination on the performance of an employee of an organization and the kind of di scrimination that is being under research is the gender based discrimination which may arise between superiors and subordinates and also between peers. Gender discrimination is attitude and belief of the discriminator of giving or refraining to give rights to the employee due to his/her gender, it also can be behavior, policy, interaction, action and procedure which affects the work of an employee negatively by creating a disparate treatment or creation of intimidating work environment or hostile environment which is according to sex (Carr, et al., 2000). In developing countries this practice is prevalent and the main target of this kind of discrimination are women although gender harassment doesnt mean that only women are prone to this type of discrimination but mostly women are the victims of such type of discrimination. Discrimination regardless of its type can cause ill effects of the mental health of an individual for example discrimination causes social disconnection and cause s a sense of distress (Eisenberger Lieberman, 2004), discrimination can be an important kind of a stress which can affect health of an employee badly, stress due to discrimination can trigger psychological reactivity, and it affects the mental health (Williams, 1999). Another effect of discrimination is the trust; discrimination negatively affects the trust between discriminator and the discriminated, trust being a psychological condition covers a state of perceived risk that is result of an individuals ambiguity concerning possible actions and intentions of those upon whom that person is depending (Kramer, 1999) and while trusting an individual puts his fate in the TRUSTED persons hands hoping/expecting that he will perfrom his/her duty diligently. Third the organizational commitment is an important issue here, the organizational commitment is a relation between the employer and his employee, organizational commitment creates in an employee responsibility towards the employer whic h improves the employees work behavior (Shore Wayne, 1993).Organizations use the technique of gender mainstreaming to promote the equality among the employees of an organization and it is defined as a process of change that includes how an organizations system and structure is causing dicrimination indirectly and to change that structure and system to get rid of that discrimination all over the world this technique is used to cater to the specific problem of discrimination. All of the above have their own individual effects which when combined can affect an individual in many different ways by affecting his personal life as well as his professional life. The objective of this study is to see if there exists a significant relationship between the gender discrimination and the employee performance in an organization. The gender discrimination has many outcomes but for this study the outcomes that are under study include mental health of an individual which is affected by the discrimination regardless of the nature or kind of such discrimination, it is in this study that effect on trust between the employer and the employee is also observed whether it affects the employee performance or not, the discrimination when occur would also affect an emplyees commitment towards the organization that he is working with and when this happens the employee would lose interst and that affects the perfromance of that employee negatively. Of interst to this research is to study the work conditions of the banking sector of Pakistan where equal employment opportunity is provided to both men and women and where both gender are coworkers, with banks having a strong human resource setup it is of interest to observe what is the scenario of discrimination in such a work environement. The research question for this study include questions such as observing if the gender discrimination exists in the working environement of Pakistani banking sector. The second question would be to observe the significance of such relation which means to observe if that relation is stong or mild or negligible. The third question that would need answering is that do the out comes of gender discrimination which have been mentioned above affect the employee performance and how intense their relationship with employee performance is. The next queston addresses the gender mainstreaming and to what extent gender mainstreaming moderates the effect of gender discrimination, this would also reveal whether pakistani banking sector is making any efforts proactively to prevent the problem of workplace gender discrimination or not. And then the question would arise that in current pakistani culture which is heavily male dominated culture and where discrimination maybe considered a norm then in su c conditions what would be the effect of such discrimination on an employees perfromance, would the effect be considerable or would the effect be minimal? The business reason for this study is to observe how well the banking sector of the country is doing as the banking sectoe actively encourages women through their advertisements to join the banking industry and also because for a few years the banking industry is single most booming industry of the country and because even though women are encouraged to work in the sector it is still mainly a male dominated society where gender discrimination may manifest at some point of time, the business reason would be to identify whether the practice of gender discrimination exists or not and to what extent such phenomenon exist and how its is affecting the workers of the sector. By identifying the prevalence of this phenomenon in the sector the banking companies can take measures to control such issues and that inturn would benefit the em[ployees of those companies by providing them healthy work environement where all the employees regardless of their gender could achieve the full potential tha t they are capable of. This study is of interest because it taks about a phenomen that has been mostly observed in the western work and social environment, to observe this phenomenon in Pakistani cultual settings and work settings is of great interest that would reveal the amount of the penomenon in existance and its significane and it would also be of interst to see if Pakistani banking sector has acknowledged the existence of this phenomenon and if they are doing anything about it or not. LITERATURE REVIEW: Gender discrimination is one is an apparent issue in the society of Pakistan, Pakistan got independence in 1947 and since it was once a part of India the Indian influence exists still today that is why equality of genders is an issue and to resolve this issue a culture change would have to be applied still Pakistan in more advanced than its neighbor in terms of female rights. Discrimination itself is a phenomenon that that is found worldwide take America for example where inequality is ever more present due to discrimination (Darity Jr Mason, 1998) and brithish labor market is no different either there also exist gender discrimination as in UK womens compensation is lower than that of a man (Wright Ermisch, 1991), simply we can say that discrimination is a biased behavior towards certain individuals. Scholars have identified discrimination as the situation where employee or group of employees are made target of prejudice (Major, Quinton, Schmader, 2003) and the target is deprived if the opportunities that are available to rest, furthermore it point to the tools for demonstrating and establishing the social relation of dominance and oppression (Kreiger, 1999). According to United Nations Discriminatory behaviors take many forms, but they all involve some form of exclusion or rejection, so the discriminations eventually affect an individual or group by excluding him/them from privileges that others are enjoying. Among the different kinds of discriminations like racial/ethnic, age, gender, identity, cast, employment, disability, reverse, religious for this study gender discrimination that occurs at the workplace is of interest. Discrimination at a workplace is that when employees as individuals or in groups are not treated fairly as compared to others and the reason is not their professional capability to perform specific task as assigned to them. In this study the focus would be on evaluating keeping in mind the social and cultural differences the extent of ex istence of gender discrimination in the Pakistani work environment. Gender discrimination is a discrimination which is unbalanced approach towards a person because of his/her gender, furthermore Gender discrimination is attitude and belief of the discriminator of giving or refraining to give rights to the employee due to his/her gender, it also can be behavior, policy, interaction, action and procedure which affects the work of an employee negatively by creating a disparate treatment or creation of intimidating work environment or hostile environment which is according to sex (Carr, et al., 2000).Discrimination on the base of gender hampers performance by affecting the level of professional self-esteem and confidence, career satisfaction and being secluded in a work environment affecting their performance (Carr, Szalacha, Barnett, Caswell, Inui, 2003). In developing countries this practice is prevalent and the main target of this kind of discrimination are women although gender har assment doesnt mean that only women are prone to this type of discrimination but mostly women are the victims of such type of discrimination. For this study of gender discrimination and its effect on employees performance the independent variable is Gender discrimination and there are many outcomes of gender discrimination and from those outcomes 3 have been taken to be included in this study. The first outcome is the JOB STRESS; stress can be called an result of a person and that outcome is because of the workplace environment that is for him unsafe (Bashir Ramay, 2010).Scholars have documented that discrimination causes ill effects on the mental health of an individual and causes social disconnection and a sense of distress (Eisenberger Lieberman, 2004), stress can affect health of an employee badly, stress due to discrimination can trigger psychological reactivity, and it affects the mental health (Williams, 1999). Job stress is the biggest contributor to the organizational expenditure and when the employee is exposed to job stress for prolonged periods to time it eventually leads to job burnout (Maslach, 2003) and th e burn out diminishes an employees job performance as a result. Stress inducing effects of gender discrimination have been documented also by (Kreiger, 2002) who reported that gender discrimination affected a persons health by significantly elevating the stress levles of the affected. Job Stress occurs from the social relations that are within the confines of an organization (Le Blanc, De Jonge, Schaufeli, 2000). Further the job stress stemming form gender discrimination directly affects the performance of an employee in an organization. Further (AbdulRub, 2004) also reported that there existed relation between job stress and performance,scholars have found that gender discrimination affects the career satisfaction, professional self confidence and esteem and seclusiveness. Another study conducted suggested that job stress significantly decreases the performance of an employee (Bashir Ramay, 2010). The other outcome for the independent variable of this study is TRUST; the study of trust in an organizational setting has been significant since 1995 and now more and more scholars are looking into the effects of trust in the organizational setting, trust can be defined as a two part process where one has confidence in others dependability and purity and it should also be mentioned that the trust comes from social interaction and in its absence the level of trust decreases. Through trust between parties affects the important mechanisms of the organization and the results within an organization (Mayer Davis, 1999) and trust empowers the employee and thus improves his/her performance at work (Gomez Rosen, 2001). As far as the link between gender discrimination is concerned a study in Finland documented that discrimination leads to low level of trust (Liebkind Lathi, 2000). In a work setting it is to be noted that there may be trust in existence between employer and the employee or the subordinate and the superior but at some point due to discrimination and specifically gender discrimination this trust turns into distrust which would likely to be psychological incident for the individual who is putting the trust in other (Schoorman, Mayer, Davis, 2007). It is evident that there exist a relation between the gender discrimination and trust now and behavior of the management is an important cause in develpoing the association between the management and the employees (Whitener, Brodt, Korsgaard, Werner, 1998) and it is to be seen that what would be its effect on the employees performance in an organization when the effect of trust would be accompaniying effects of other elements too, this would also reveal about the existence of that relation as well as the significance in case of its existence. Third the third element in the equation is organizational commitment, organizational commitment is an important issue to discuss it is documented that organizational commitment is affected by discrimination (Ensher, Grant-Vallone, Donalidson, 2001), as the organizational commitment is a relation between the employer and his employee organizational commitment creates in an employee responsibility towards the employer which improves the employees work behavior (Shore Wayne, 1993). Organizational commitment promotes in an employee the sense of organizational citizenship as well as it increases the employee performance, even if at the time the performance of an employee is not increasing at the moment but still commitmtnet increases the expectation regarding their performance and as a result those employees perform positivlely (Meyer Allen). Discrimination affects the oranizational outomes that include organizational commitment (Sancez Brook, 1998), so the effect of the element of co mmitment would be observed how it would in combination with other element affect employees performance in an organization. In this study the gender mainstreaming is used as an moderator to moerate the effect of gender discrimination on the employees performance. Gendermainstreaming is the a concept that suggests that there should be promotion of the equality among the employees of an organization and it is defined as a process of change that includes how an organizations system and structure is causing dicrimination indirectly and to change that structure and system to get rid of that discrimination, three legged equality stool acknowledges the interconnectivity of equal treatment perspective, womens perspective, this technique is widely used to cater to the specific problem of discrimination. UNDP has also made an effort in coping with gender discrimination by using the tool of gender mainstreaming. And for this study the dependent variable is of the employees job performance. The performance of an employee is of utmost importance for any organization and employer, any organzation that is doing well in the moarket can easily attribute its performance with performance of its employees and without satisfactory performance in workplace satisfactory organzational performance is not possible. The employee job performance can be defined as a combination of questions as how much an employee is contributing to the overall performance of the work unit? how much task assigned to the employee has been completed by him/her? as compared to hi/her unit how good his/her performance is? and does the performance of the employee meets the standard of the employees supervisor?. An employees job performance is a set of elemets that include effort, skill and results which are of importance to an employee as well as the organization (Lusch Serpkenci, 1990). The aim here is to see how gender discrimi nation would affect this set of elements and its significance. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The study for this research work would be a non-intervention study as no intervention would be made and only data would be gathered from the researchable situation. The study includes an element of both qualitative and quantitative study. Gender MainstreamingTHEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Job Stress GENDER DISCRIMINATION Employee performance Trust Organizational commitment In this model Gender discrimination is the independent variable, job stress, trust and organizational commitment are its three outcomes that have been taken into consideration, in the model the gender mainstreaming is playing the role of moderator by moderating the effects of the gender discrimination while employees job performance is the dependent variable that is being affected by the discrimination. HYPOTHESES From the model for the purpose of this study following hypotheses have been drawn. H1- Job stress negatively affects the employee job performance. It is hypothesized that as the job stress would increase the employees job performance would decrease. H2- Low trust between the employer and the employee negatively affects the employees job performance. The second hypothesis states that as the trust between employer and the employee decreases the employees job performance is affected negatively. H3- Lack of organizational commitment negatively affects the employee job performance. The third hypothesis states that when an employees organizational commitment would decrease his job performance would also decrease. H4- The more the gender discrimination at the workplace the lower will be performance of an employee at his/her job. This hypothesis states that as the gender discrimination increases the employee job performance would decrease. H5- Gender mainstreaming moderates the effect of gender discrimination on to employees job .performance. Fifth hypothesis states that gender mainstreaming in an organization would moderate the effect of gender discrimination in a work environement. SAMPLE SIZE For this study the target sample is the workforce employed at the bank, both man and women would be equally taken into the sample. The type of sampling would be convenience sampling due to the budget and time constraints; the research questionnaire shall be administered to all three designation levels of banking staff which are Officer Grade 1, Officer Grade 2 and Officer Grade 3. The questionnaire shall be administered in all the banks situated in Lahore; the amount of questionnaire per bank would be ten and the questionnaires would be administered women as the gender discrimination is more specifically a womens issue especially in our region. To collect the data, a questionnaire would be used which would consist of questions regarding discriminatory behavior faced by the respondents, questions related to mental health and organizational commitment as well as questions related to trust would be included in the questionnaire and employees job performance questions would include quest ions regarding knowledge of principles, facts, ideas about the job and knowing what to do, the procedural knowledge would be covering elements like how to do the work and skill include cognitive, perceptual and interpersonal skill and last but not the least motivation questions and thats how the questionnaire would be complete. The software used for this study will be SPSS with whose help correlational, regression based analysis would be conducted on the variables. ANOVA would be used for the moderator. SPSS would be used due to its easy availability and also due to its ease of use and data importability and exportability to other MS office packages. LIMITATIONS OF RESEARCH AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS The study has some limitations as it is not possible to and beyond the scope of the study to venture into other avenues. The first limitation is that the study setting is of a bank so the results cannot be generalized to other sectors, other studies with different sectors would have to conduct to obtain the generalizability of the outcomes. Second limitation is that other is the sample size; future scholar should take a bigger sample size to observe its effect on the results. The third limitation could be that of the culture, Pakistan has a unique culture so the result may also be unique to this very culture, future researcher should replicate this study to see the consistency of the results. The main benefit of this study would be to the banking sector as the study specifically aimed the banks. This study could allow HR professionals as well as the management officials of the banking companies to look for the opportunities within their workspaces to tackle the practice of gender discrimination which would ultimately benefit the organization as his/her commitment, trust towards the organization would increase he/she would be able to concentrate better to his/her job as a result of improved mental health and hence the job performance of the employee would increase ultimately contributing positively towards the overall organizational productivity.

Who am I? :: Education Society Essays

Who am I? (1) Throughout the semester in English composition II, the class was asked to explore the question, â€Å"Who am I?† and try to seek an answer. The reading assignments that were given to us this semester permitted you to ask ourselves the question, â€Å"Who am I?. In the plays, poems, short stories, and novella that we read the characters in them faced some type of conflict. In the play A Doll’s House, by Henrik Ibsen, in the poem â€Å" To His Coy Mistress†, by Andrew Marvell, in the short story â€Å" A Devoted Friendâ€Å", by Oscar Wilde, and in the novella Metamorphosis , by Franz Kafka, the conflict that they all portrayed was appearance/reality. The short story and novella exposed the conflict slight differently than the other pieces of work. The conflict appearance/reality is vital in determining who you are as a person/individual. Sometimes individuals do not express his/her true self to other individuals. Sometimes society does not see us for our true selves. The self perceived I is the image/way you see yourself. The I is who you truly are as a person. The other perceived me is the image/way others, meaning society, sees you. It is the image you want them to see of you. When the I is unequal to the me then there is conflict. (2) An illustration of appearance/reality where the individual (s) do not show others/society who he/she really is as a person is found in the play and in the poem. In the play, A Doll’s House, by Henrik Ibsen the characters are portrayed as being very secretive and deceitful. All of the characters including Nora, Torvald, Dr. Rank, Krogstad, and Mrs. Linde, were all keeping something isolated from everyone. Sometimes people do not portray who they truly are as a person and others help us show who our true selves really are. Henrik Ibsen in this play shows his readers how lies and deception can revolutionize an individual’s life. This is clearly an example of appearance/reality where an individual does not show others/society who they really are as a person. In the play, Nora does not let known of what kind of person she really is.

Causes And Effects Of The Amer :: essays research papers

Causes and Effects of the American Civil War Introduction-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The American Civil War began on April 12, 1861 when General Pierre Beauregard opened fire with 50 cannons on Fort Sumter. This marked the beginning of one of the longest and bloodiest wars in American history. It was also the only war that took place fully on American soil. The entire war lasted four years and claimed over 620,000 American lives with many more injured. Causes-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many people attribute the cause of this war to the abolishment of slavery and although that was one of the major catalysts in starting the war it was not the main cause behind the war starting. The main cause to the war starting was tat the south was â€Å"sick and tired† of the federal government meddling with the governing of individual states. The states thought that the government â€Å"meddled† too much in the affairs of individual states. The abolishment of slavery was just the excuse the south was looking for to secede from the union and form its own government placing the majority of the governing power in the states and not in a central government. An excellent metaphor for the cause of the war, which I found on the net, is to say that the causes were like a â€Å"Wagon Wheel.† The central hub of the problem being the problem of states rights. This was the central cause behind the war. The spokes of the wheel being either real or perc eived problems of the south such as unfair laws, injustices, etc. Now just having these problems doesn’t make a wheel i.e. a war, you still need the rim of the wheel. The rim in this case was slavery. The reason why this caused the south to secede was because the south’s economy was based upon the backs of slaves. The upper class politicians, the majority of whom were plantation owners, thought they would be devastated by having to pay the slaves. Effects-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The war had some major and long lasting effects. Not the least of all was the instatement of a nation wide ban on slavery setting all the slaves free. A good deal of the former slaves kept on working for the plantations, except this time they were paid. The plantation owners did not, for the most part, suffer as much as they thought they would as a result of this law.

Developmental Growths Of Oled Technology Engineering Essay

The importance of electronic shows has late increased due to the advanced developments of LED or light breathing rectifying tube engineering. These developments have brought LED engineering to its following degree by affecting a series of organic thin movies between two music directors, which are known as Organic light-emitting diode or ( organic visible radiation breathing rectifying tube ) . OLEDs can be used to do high efficiency shows and dynamic lighting. Due to the visible radiation emitted from the OLEDs, they do non necessitate a backlight and so are thinner and more efficient than LCD shows which presently require a white backlight. The chances of OLED engineering are great but non without its hurdlings. Presently, it costs more to bring forth OLEDs them modern LCD engineering. Similarly, their overall life clip is reasonably limited, these and other issues urgently need to be addressed to properly implement them in the consumer market.IntroductionIn the mid-20th century res earch workers at the Universit & A ; eacute ; de Nancy in France foremost produced electroluminescence with organic stuffs. These research workers developed setup that would direct excitement of the dye molecules or excitement of negatrons [ Bernius, M ] . These electroluminescent cells were developed utilizing acridine orange and mepacrine with a high electromotive force of jumping current. After their success many stuffs were studied and experimented in assorted establishments to detect a stuff that would supply a high quality visible radiation end product. It was discovered that certain plastics could be altered into conductive stuffs. This find helped the apprehension of conductive stuffs and their belongingss. These finds revolutionized the attack to digital engineering by showing a cheaper and more flexible option to expensive semiconducting materials of the clip. In 1985 the Eastman Kodak Company developed a bilayer device based on vapour deposited molecular movies that used a hole conveyance bed with a bed electroluminescence. This find was done by accident while they were experimenting with solar cells and noticed a glowing stuff that was subsequently patented and was the start of OLED engineering [ Tang, C. W. ] . This new rectifying tube showed the potency of a device that would hold improved efficiency with less power to run. Modern OLED devices are able to breathe visible radiation on their ain, unlike LCD devices that are dependent on backlight beginning to make light. Light is emitted from the smaller OLED pels with aid of a really thin organic movie bed. This bed of organic stuff is placed between two music directors, which are besides between a glass top home base and a glass underside home base kwon as the substrate. When an electric Current is applied to the two music directors, a bright, electro luminescent visible radiation is produced from the organic stuff. OLED engineering is really dynamic when it comes to light that can breathe from really little luminescent to a really high degree measured in little increases. With the add-on of colour movies, OLEDs can use the basic colour specifying pigments ruddy, green and bluish to make any coveted colour or shadiness including white [ So, Franky ] . Unfortunately, these rectifying tubes are still expensive to bring forth. Newly developing engineerings such as intercrossed light-emitting bed that consists of non-conductive polymers doped with light-emitting conductive polymers offer both mechanical and production advantages that could assist work out the disbursal of these rectifying tubes [ So, Franky ] . More research is required to develop a higher quality production of OLEDs, fortuitously with the degree of advancement already achieved with OLEDs ; it will merely be a affair of clip.BodyAt this clip OLED engineering is the taking following coevals engineering for level panel shows. OLED devices will dwell of full colour visible radiation breathing engineering, which provide high brightness, low power ingestion and great contrast. Furthermore, they are compact, lightweight, can defy important mechanical tonss have have a broad scope of operating temperatures [ Wen, S.-W. , M.-T ] . The possible for these show devices is rather big. Their application from cell phones, auto wireless to the helmet mounted index shows on the windscreen of vehicles and illuming can greatly better assorted developing engineerings. The development of phosphorescent stuffs like OLED, can be non merely use to expose devices, but besides as a thin movie light beginning that may replace legion incandescent big and expensive non organic LED beginnings. OLEDs produce light by the recombination of negatrons and holes. When a electromotive force is applied across the device, negatrons are injected from cathode and holes are injected from anode. Transport and radiative recombination of electron-hole braces is at the emissive polymer beds [ M & A ; uuml ; llen, K. , ] . As the negatrons bead into the holes, they release energy in the signifier of visible radiation. The colour of the visible radiation emitted depends on the composing of the organic emissive bed. Multiple beds can be combined in one device to bring forth any colour including white.Material efficienciesThe chief demands for OLED stuffs are high luminescence in the solid province, good bearer mobility, good thermal and oxidative stableness and good colour pureness [ Wen, S.-W. , M.-T ] . The i ¬?rst coevals of efi ¬?cient OLEDS developed from Eastman Kodak was based on i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uorescent stuffs. In this instance, the emanation of visible radiation is the consequence of the recombination of vest excitons or nomadic concentration of energy in a crystal. However, the internal efi ¬?ciency is limited to 25 % [ M & A ; uuml ; llen, K. , ] . The 2nd coevals uses phosphorescent stuffs where all excitons emit through an efi ¬?ciently four times more than i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uorescent stuffs. The presence of heavy atoms such as Ir or Pt additions spin-orbit yoke, favours intersystem traversing and allows radiative three passages. Baldo et Al. 30 were the i ¬?rst to describe the usage of green phosphorescent dye to increase the device efi ¬?ciency. Highly efi ¬?cient viridity and ruddy electro phosphorescent emitters have been demonstrated with internal quantum efi ¬?ciencies nearing 100 % . 31,32 The highest aglow efi ¬?ciency of 70 lumen W?1 reported up to now was obtained by Ikai et Al. 33 utilizing tris ( 2-phenylpyridine ) Ir ( III ) ( Ir ( ppy ) 3 ) phosphorescent dye in an improved device construction. Phosphorescent stuffs have besides been used in polymer engineering ( wet procedure ) . 34 The stuffs used for OLEDs are formless or semi-crystalline i ¬?lms. For SM-OLED, typical p-type stuffs are derived functions of triarylamines, and n-type stuffs consist of derived functions of metal chelates such as tris ( 8-hydroxyquinolato ) aluminum ( III ) ( Alq3 ) , triazoles or oxadiazoles. The efi ¬?ciency is improved by doping the breathing bed with assorted organic dyes as shown in Table 1. By and large the doping rate is about 1-2 wt % and this solution has been widely used to tune the coloring material and to better the device life-time. It has been demonstrated that by doping the host Alq3 with assorted guest molecules such as coumarin 540 ( C540 ) , 2,4-bis ( dicyanomethylene ) – 6- ( p-dimethylaminostyryl ) -4H-pyran ( DCM1 ) or [ 2-methyl-6- [ 2- ( 2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H-benzo [ ij ] quinolizin-9-yl ) ethenyl ] -4H-pyran-4-ylidene ] propanedinitrile ( DCM2 ) , the electroluminescence efi ¬?-ciency can be improved by a factor of two at least. 7 Furthermore, by utilizing these dopants, a broad scope of colorss from greenish-blue to orangish-red can be obtained.StabilityDevice stableness is an of import issue for an emissive engineering such as OLEDs, and peculiarly differential ripening of the three primary colourss. D espite the absence of any standardised measuring method, the device life-time is normally dei ¬?ned as the average clip to half-brightness. It is by and large assumed that for show applications, except likely for portable electronics, a life-time of over 20 000 H with a sensible brightness degree of at least 100 cadmium m?2 is necessary. However, as discussed subsequently in this paper, to accomplish such a degree of show brightness, the luminosity of each pel needs to be much higher, and it has been widely shown that the life-time of OLEDs beads dramatically for high luminosity values. Degradation phenomena occur both under operating conditions and while the device is in storage, and consequence in a lessening in device luminosity and an addition of the on the job electromotive force over clip for a changeless current denseness value. Three distinguishable debasement mechanisms have been identii ¬?ed in small-molecule-based OLEDs: 46 dark-spot debasement, ruinous failure and in trinsic debasement. While the i ¬?rst two debasement manners can be moderately solved by agencies of equal control over the device fiction conditions ( clean room, glove-box, encapsulation ) , the intrinsic debasement mechanism is more ambitious and still remains an issue for OLED engineering and peculiarly for the bluish colour. Signii ¬?cant activity is taking topographic point in order to better device life-time by utilizing new stuffs that are immune to oxidization and by developing efi ¬?cient encapsulation procedures. High glass passage temperature ( Tg ) stuffs are desired in order to acquire stable devices under operation. Lifetimes now reported in the literature for the most advanced i ¬?rst coevals RGB stuffs ( i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uorescent SM stuffs and polymers ) are good over 20 000 H at room temperature and at least for luminosity up to 100 cadmium m?2. Nevertheless, the bluish life-time remains weaker ( peculiarly for polymer stuffs ) which could do a ruddy displaceme nt of the show due to differential ripening of RGB colourss. Typical life-time values are shown in Table 2 for the 2nd coevals of stuffs. 47 Efi ¬?cient and stable bluish phosphorescent stuffs are non yet available and remain a challenge for the chemist. One has to maintain in head that the life-time drops dramatically with increasing temperature, and most of the paradigms developed so far have a life-time of 6000-8000 H at room temperature, which is non high plenty for more demanding applications such as telecasting or computing machine shows. In contrast to other show engineerings, OLED shows can be fabricated on i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exible substrates but so far such i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exible devices have non reached the market owing chiefly to their limited life-time. Effective encapsulation ( both on the underside and top side of the device ) of i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exible OLED shows is still an industrial challenge. A reappraisal of thin-i ¬?lm pervasion barrier engineering for i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exible O LEDs has been published late. 48Future TendenciesOLED engineering is the following large thing. It is a new engineering used to make thin, efficient and bright shows and illuming panels. OLED shows have many advantages over LCDs every bit good more colourss, increased brightness and contrast ratio, faster response clip for full gesture picture and less power ingestion. OLEDs devices are highly efficient between 95 – 99 % of the input energy converted to visible radiation. Since the beds that make up the OLED are really thin, photons are non trapped within the active part, as can be the instance with LCD devices. The contrast ratio is an country where OLED show trumps plasma show though, since it offers blacker inkinesss and brighter Whites. The contrast ratios for plasma shows are around the 5,000:1 grade whereas for OLED shows this figure runs up to 1,000,000:1 [ Merson, Gary ] . Both displays employ pels that are emissive in nature and make visible radiation instead than ba rricade the visible radiation from an external beginning. This blocking of light creates a great egress experience with broad position capablenesss. One possible hereafter vision for OLED engineering is the usage on transparent Windowss. These devices would work like a regular window by twenty-four hours. At dark it could be switched on and go a light beginning or an internal pilotage system. This could be possible because OLED allows transparent shows and light beginnings. The current province of OLED engineering is really exciting since the many old ages of its development is eventually demoing really originative results. Thin movie shows and luminescent lighting applications have greatly progressed with OLED structured developing engineerings. The chances of OLED engineering are great but non without its hurdlings.DecisionOLED is an emerging new engineering for thin panel shows and luminescents. It can be used for mp3 participants, cell phones, digital cameras or handheld gambling devices. The field of applications for OLED shows is wide. Compared to LCD and plasma OLED is a better engineering in all facets. OLED show features develop perfect black, sing angles, highly fast response clip, true colour deepness, highly slender frame with low power ingestion. The lone downside of the OLED engineering is the monetary value and its life-time. Currently, OLED shows are merely come ining the market so their production costs and monetary values are really hi gh. Plasma and LCD shows have been around for many old ages, so they are much cheaper. This factor along with the long life of Plasma shows gives them the border in the current market, but OLED engineering is a developing engineering. As the engineering progresses the monetary values of these shows will diminish and their popularity will increase therefore they will slowly push plasma shows off the market. This engineering has great possible and has a really broad scope of applications. It has important cost advantage compared with the production engineering of liquid crystal matrices. These devices are much less rich in stuffs ; they require a significantly smaller figure of fabricating operations. Though OLED engineering is still being developed, assorted signifiers are already on the market such as Super AMOLED shows, in the close hereafter we will see more advanced presentations of this developing engineering and its benefits every bit shortly as the hurdlings are overcome.

Building a Data Warehouse Essay

Starbucks is a company that is specialized in offering a range of products including coffee, handcrafted beverages, merchandise, and fresh food. As an enterprise, they require a proper data management to enable them serve their customers efficiently. Data on sales, customer views, customer information, market analytics, products, and production needs a proper storage and retrieval system hence the use of data warehousing. To make informed decisions, the management at all the levels within the company requires data analysis to make those decisions. The Coffee Company has a website for buying their coffee products, as well as gifts, and explores the coffee world by learning more about its origin. The data warehouse stores are built using SQL Server 2000 that stores information about the occurrences on the website. Business Desk reports enable processing of data imported from the website. Several steps are involved in exporting these data. The first step is reporting that is provided through Business Desk. These data includes weblog data, user profile information, campaign information, catalog information and transaction data (Microsoft, 2000). Data cubes are prepared by running the report processing tasks. The Business Desk is secured and can only be accessed by Starbucks Corporate networks and allows only Secure Socket connections. Reports that resides on the data warehouse server can be accessed and viewed through from the business application. To plan the data warehouse at Starbucks, three aspects of the site must be taken into consideration. The storage, processing, and bandwidth requirements are the elements needed to deploy the data warehouse. The storage requirements consider the amount of space required for web log files. The number of servers, web log file sizes per server per day and total log file sizes must be known in advance for the data warehouse planning. After sometime, these accumulated preferably three months, archiving should be done on old data to ensure that the business users will be able to view and run historical data. Since the data is imported from the website, processing time is of great importance to the success of the warehouse. Therefore, time to import web log files and processing time of web log files into analysis cubes is necessary for planning purposes. Lastly, consideration of bandwidth requirements is done before deploying the data warehouse. For example, the data bandwidth used will be f or moving the web log files. Also considered is the bandwidth required for actual running of the reports.The process of creating a data warehouse is procedural. It begins by building a business model followed by definition of the requirements of each model. Identification of data sources is carried out after business modeling. The process of building the data warehouse is done after the selection of data warehouse tools (Vincent, 2007). Data collection through asking the question about the performance of the company will help identify data to appear on the data warehouse. Reports from time reporting system, accounting packages, and customer relationship management application are other important sources. Designers of the data warehouse have to find a way of harmonizing these data with the knowledge of how people process information within the company. In making the decisions, the data within the system are retrieved for analysis. This process is known as extraction. It is defined as the process of retrieving data from a source for use in the data warehouse environment. The extracted data can then be transformed and finally loaded into storage. The primary internal data sources for a data warehouse in Starbucks is the transaction processing application. Data extraction methods are of two types that include full logical and physical extraction method and depend on the business requirements, performance and source system. In logical extraction method, there are two subdivisions, complete extraction, and incremental extraction. Full removal is where the data is completely extracted from the system source files. No additional information is necessary on the site. The second data extraction method is the physical extraction method. Physical extraction is of two types, online and offline extraction. Online mining, extraction is directly from the source files. The process of extraction can directly connect either source tables’ or the intermediate data store. The latter, offline extraction, is where data is sourced outside the source files. Conclusion For a leading international company like Starbucks, planning, building and maintenance of a data warehouse are very critical and requires technical expertise. The building process requires cooperation from IT and business people in order to come up with a successful data warehouse. For implementation purposes, it requires coordination by all stakeholders to highlight all the requirements, needs, and tasks. Breaking down of the data collected enables incorporation of all the requirement to appear on the data warehouse. References BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Microsoft. (2000). Starbucks technical deployment guide. Microsoft. Vincent. (2007). Building a Data Warehouse. Apress. Source document

Inclusive Education Essay

Inclusive Education refers to educational institutions and systems that accommodate all children to develop their cognitive and intellectual skills. The diversity of the children poses a challenge for the system as the main goal of the program is to ensure all children learn and partake in the educational experience of the program. The teachers, school and the system itself has be transformed to accommodate the varied educational needs of the children in the program. This means that the system should not disregard each child’s own character in the process of learning. For this to be possible, the system should determine the different barriers and factors that affect the learning processes of the individuals. Inclusive education breaks the different barriers to include children who are then excluded from the mainstream school systems groups. Though placing the excluded children in the mainstream educational system does not guarantee results of inclusiveness, the system must greatly lay its key principles and practices to be effective. Inclusive education is guided by principles which are determined to meet the goals of the program to include all children in the mainstream educational system. The right of a child to inherent education on the basis of equality and opportunity is given in the Constitution as a basic right of the child. The parameters that all children are included in the mainstream educational system means that no child shall be discriminated upon on all aspects, such as race, sex, religion, disability and others. There is also the realization that all children can learn and benefit from education and the educational institutions must adapt to the needs of the children in their different learning process mechanisms. The right of the children to be different from one another no matter whatever views or opinions they may have should also be given utmost attention by educators. And educators, as persons responsible for honing their intellectual and cognitive skills are addressed with a wide and flexible options. The inclusive schools must be aware that the concept of inclusive education is not a process and can not have immediate results. Key players of the program, like the children, parents and the community must have an active participation in the process. The system must determine the diversity of the children, and how to address them by lessening the barriers. The system must always be in the pursuit to provide accessible curriculum for the children, program and training for the teachers, and continuously gather information and support not only to the children but also to the children. . Benefits of the Inclusive Education Researches show the benefits of inclusive education. Teachers are different in their own ways. They have different teaching practices and methods that suits both able and disabled children. The program of including disabled children into the mainstream educational system poses a challenge to educators as though their needs are different; the educator must be able to teach them in the same way they teach the children without disabilities. All the children greatly benefits from the diversity because the socialization process is unique and conducive for the children’s’ communication and interaction skills. The children will learn different things from one another, even build friendship from the experience. Involving the disabled with the non-disabled peers allows the children to realize that there are no significant differences between them. This will greatly help the children face the reality of living in the real world. The disabled students will then be able to realize that their worth are appreciated and not looked upon in the classroom. This will help their confidence and trust in themselves. The educators must also enforce positive modeling in the classroom for the children to accept their differences for them to get along more. In a three day Disability Knowledge and Research conference in Bangladesh in May 2005, the Executive Director for Center for Services and Information on Disability was quoted saying that â€Å"Inclusive education is about children. They must be at the center of our discussions and represented in our research. † (Trott 2005. ) (www. disabilitykar. net) This strengthened the motivation of over 60 participants from Asia, America and European nations of the conference to promote the inclusive education program. This aims to convene all advocates of Inclusive Education in to reaching the goal of integrating the mainstream educational system with the excluded children. Some studies had been made to determine the effectiveness of the program and how the educational system needs to adopt this system. In 1995, a National Study of Inclusive Education report of NCERI in school districts in 9 states in the US shows how the inclusive education program will greatly benefit the children throughout the country. The research reported positive changes in the students, increased independence among themselves and self-esteem. Their academic skills also improved along with the children’s communication skills. In 1997, researchers Lipsky and Gartner conclude that the data they have gathered had shown the positive trend of improvement from different aspects such as the children’s academic skills, social skills and their behavior. (2004 . ) (http://www. projectchoices. org/faqBenefits. aspx) The report strengthens the advocacy of the Inclusive Education program to be implemented in the country. Another research done in the year 1994-1995 by Staub and Peck(2004 . ) (http://www. projectchoices. org/faqBenefits. aspx) discovered the common concerns of the program for the children and the education system. These are: the academic performance of the nondisabled children, the time and attention given by the teacher, and the disabled students learning undesirable behavior from students with disabilities. The report will help in determining the boundaries of the inclusive education program and will allow the formulation of solutions for the problems mentioned. It should be noted that the program must be able to focus on both the disabled and nondisabled students learning processes. The educators must also find a balance in which they can attend to the needs of the children, though differently, this must be addressed to the teachers. The third concern deals with how the differences between the children are able to influence one another. The children learn things from their peers, and it is of great concern for the program to limit the bad influences from the children. The earlier research focus on the how the program will affect the children. The results have found no supporting conclusions for Staub and Peck’s research determining the three main concerns of the program. The researchers did another study in which they were able to determine the benefits of inclusive education. The program reduces the fear of differences between human, in particular children, because of increased comfort and awareness of one another. There has also been growth in social cognition as the differences in each person were made aware. The self-concept, or what is perceived as to be the true concept of a persons’ self, has improved. The program also develops personal principles and friendship among the children amidst of their differences. (2004 . ) (http://www. projectchoices. org/faqBenefits. aspx)